First, all Redpower solar panels and machines transmit power through them so blue alloy wire is only needed to transmit power at distances.
For your other questions, there is a Redpower wiki but it doesn't show the exact power values either. I guess that it isn't designed to be exact, e.g. if you take a look at a Redpower battery box there is a internal buffer that has to fill up before the battery starts filling up. Also, battery boxes even out power between them if they are connected so there's no way of knowing the exact values.
I have not found any distance based loss and have been able to transmit power over 300+ blocks.
The Redpower solar panels only generate power during the day.
Eloraam, the creator of Redpower, wants more ways of generating power but those features are for a future release.
The wiki I linked to shows all the machines that need Blulectric power.